Remote Development Using VS Code and SSH with AWS EC2

• Steve Scargall
• Development , Cloud computing

How to Perform Remote Code Development Using VS Code on a Remote AWS EC2 Instance via SSH

Remote development has become a crucial tool for developers, enabling the convenience of coding and deploying directly to remote environments. In this blog, I’ll walk you through the process of setting up Visual Studio Code (VS Code) to develop remotely on an AWS EC2 instance using SSH. By the end of this guide, you’ll be able to connect to your EC2 instance from VS Code and develop code as if you were working locally.

How Much RAM Could a Vector Database Use If a Vector Database Could Use RAM

• Steve Scargall
• Machine learning , Vector databases

Featured image generated by ChatGPT 4o model: “a low poly woodchuck by a serene lake, surrounded by mountains and a forest with tree leaves made from DDR memory modules. The woodchuck is munching on a memory DIMM. The only memory DIMM in the image should be the one being eaten.”

How Much RAM Could a Vector Database Use If a Vector Database Could Use RAM?

Although the title is a punn from the famous “woodchuck rhyme,” the question is serious for LLM applications using vector databases. As large language models (LLMs) continue to evolve, leveraging vector databases to store and search embeddings is critical. Understanding the memory usage of these systems is essential for maintaining performance, response times, and ensuring system scalability.

Understanding Memory Usage with `smem`

• Steve Scargall
• How to , Linux

Memory management is crucial for Linux administrators and developers, especially when optimizing performance for resource-intensive applications. While tools like top and htop are commonly used to monitor system performance, they often don’t provide enough detail regarding memory usage breakdown. This is where smem comes into play.

What is smem?

smem is a command-line tool that reports memory usage per process and provides better insight into shared memory than most traditional tools, taking shared memory pages into account. Unlike top or htop, which primarily display RSS (Resident Set Size), smem can also show USS (Unique Set Size), which is a better metric for understanding how much memory would be freed if a particular process were terminated. This blog will guide you through using smem, explaining these critical memory metrics and providing comparisons to more familiar tools.

Benchmarking GPUs: Measuring Throughput between CPU and GPU

• Steve Scargall
• How to

This article was inspired by a LinkedIn post by Dennis Kennetz . The CPU to GPU bandwidth check is available on GitHub which uses a specific flow to assess the data transfer rates. Like many in the industry, my focus is on AI and ML workloads and how we can improve efficiencies and performance using DRAM, CXL, CPU, GPUs, and software improvements.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), the ability to process vast amounts of data efficiently is paramount. As AI models grow in complexity and size, the demand for high-performance computing resources intensifies. At the heart of this demand lies the crucial task of optimizing data transfers between various components of a computing system, particularly from DRAM, CPU, and emerging technologies like CXL (Compute Express Link) to and from the GPU.

50 Generative AI Prompts I use as a Product Manager to Improve Efficiency and Product Quality

• Steve Scargall
• Product manager

As a product manager, the success of our products depends on our ability to make informed, strategic decisions quickly and efficiently. In the fast-paced world of the IT industry, it’s crucial to stay ahead of trends, understand our customers deeply, and align our product development with our business goals. This is where generative AI and a well-crafted set of prompts have become invaluable tools in my daily workflow.

Why I Use These Prompts Daily

Every day, I’m faced with decisions that can significantly impact the trajectory of our product roadmap, customer satisfaction, and ultimately, our bottom line. The prompts I use are not just about generating ideas but about driving actionable insights that are tailored to our specific needs. These prompts cover a wide range of product management aspects—from prioritizing features based on customer feedback to crafting a go-to-market strategy that aligns with our business objectives.

Linux Kernel 6.10 is Released: This is What's New for Compute Express Link (CXL)

• Steve Scargall
• Cxl

The Linux Kernel 6.10 release brings several improvements and additions related to Compute Express Link (CXL) technology.

CXL related changes from Kernel v6.9 to v6.10:

Here is the detailed list of all commits merged into the 6.10 Kernel for CXL and DAX. This list was generated by the Linux Kernel CXL Feature Tracker .

• cxl: documentation: add missing files to cxl driver-api
• cxl/region: check interleave capability
• cxl/region: Avoid null pointer dereference in region lookup
• cxl/mem: Fix no cxl_nvd during pmem region auto-assembling
• cxl/region: Fix memregion leaks in devm_cxl_add_region()
• tracing/treewide: Remove second parameter of __assign_str()
• Merge tag ‘pci-v6.10-changes’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/pci/pci
• Merge tag ‘cxl-for-6.10’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cxl/cxl
• cxl: Add post-reset warning if reset results in loss of previously committed HDM decoders
• PCI/CXL: Move CXL Vendor ID to pci_ids.h
• Merge remote-tracking branch ‘cxl/for-6.10/cper’ into cxl-for-next
• cxl/pci: Process CPER events
• cxl/region: Convert cxl_pmem_region_alloc to scope-based resource management
• cxl/acpi: Cleanup __cxl_parse_cfmws()
• cxl/region: Fix cxlr_pmem leaks
• Merge remote-tracking branch ‘cxl/for-6.10/dpa-to-hpa’ into cxl-for-next
• cxl/core: Add region info to cxl_general_media and cxl_dram events
• cxl/region: Move cxl_trace_hpa() work to the region driver
• cxl/region: Move cxl_dpa_to_region() work to the region driver
• cxl/trace: Correct DPA field masks for general_media & dram events
• Merge remote-tracking branch ‘cxl/for-6.10/add-log-mbox-cmds’ into cxl-for-next
• cxl/hdm: Debug, use decoder name function
• cxl: Fix use of phys_to_target_node() for x86
• cxl/hdm: dev_warn() on unsupported mixed mode decoder
• cxl/hdm: Add debug message for invalid interleave granularity
• cxl: Fix compile warning for cxl_security_ops extern
• cxl/mbox: Add Clear Log mailbox command
• cxl/mbox: Add Get Log Capabilities and Get Supported Logs Sub-List commands
• cxl: Fix cxl_endpoint_get_perf_coordinate() support for RCH
• cxl/core: Fix potential payload size confusion in cxl_mem_get_poison()
• Merge tag ‘cxl-fixes-6.9-rc4’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cxl/cxl
• cxl: Add checks to access_coordinate calculation to fail missing data
• cxl: Consolidate dport access_coordinate ->hb_coord and ->sw_coord into ->coord
• cxl: Fix incorrect region perf data calculation
• cxl: Fix retrieving of access_coordinates in PCIe path
• cxl: Remove checking of iter in cxl_endpoint_get_perf_coordinates()
• cxl/core: Fix initialization of mbox_cmd.size_out in get event
• cxl/core/regs: Fix usage of map->reg_type in cxl_decode_regblock() before assigned
• cxl/mem: Fix for the index of Clear Event Record Handle
• cxl: remove CONFIG_CXL_PMU entry in drivers/cxl/Kconfig
• Merge tag ’trace-v6.9-2’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/trace/linux-trace
• cxl/trace: Properly initialize cxl_poison region name
• Merge branch ‘for-6.9/cxl-fixes’ into for-6.9/cxl
• Merge branch ‘for-6.9/cxl-einj’ into for-6.9/cxl
• Merge branch ‘for-6.9/cxl-qos’ into for-6.9/cxl
• lib/firmware_table: Provide buffer length argument to cdat_table_parse()
• cxl/pci: Get rid of pointer arithmetic reading CDAT table
• cxl/pci: Rename DOE mailbox handle to doe_mb
• cxl: Fix the incorrect assignment of SSLBIS entry pointer initial location
• cxl/core: Add CXL EINJ debugfs files
• cxl/region: Deal with numa nodes not enumerated by SRAT
• cxl/region: Add memory hotplug notifier for cxl region
• cxl/region: Add sysfs attribute for locality attributes of CXL regions
• cxl/region: Calculate performance data for a region
• cxl: Set cxlmd->endpoint before adding port device
• cxl: Move QoS class to be calculated from the nearest CPU
• cxl: Split out host bridge access coordinates
• cxl: Split out combine_coordinates() for common shared usage
• ACPI: HMAT / cxl: Add retrieval of generic port coordinates for both access classes
• cxl/acpi: Fix load failures due to single window creation failure
• Merge branch ‘for-6.8/cxl-cper’ into for-6.8/cxl
• acpi/ghes: Remove CXL CPER notifications
• cxl/pci: Fix disabling memory if DVSEC CXL Range does not match a CFMWS window
• cxl: Fix sysfs export of qos_class for memdev
• cxl: Remove unnecessary type cast in cxl_qos_class_verify()
• cxl: Change ‘struct cxl_memdev_state’ *_perf_list to single ‘struct cxl_dpa_perf’
• cxl/region: Allow out of order assembly of autodiscovered regions
• cxl/region: Handle endpoint decoders in cxl_region_find_decoder()
• Merge tag ’efi-fixes-for-v6.8-1’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/efi/efi
• cxl/trace: Remove unnecessary memcpy’s
• cxl/pci: Skip to handle RAS errors if CXL.mem device is detached
• cxl/region：Fix overflow issue in alloc_hpa()
• cxl/pci: Skip irq features if MSI/MSI-X are not supported
• cxl/core: use sysfs_emit() for attr’s _show()
• Merge branch ‘for-6.8/cxl-cper’ into for-6.8/cxl
• cxl/pci: Register for and process CPER events
• cxl/events: Create a CXL event union
• cxl/events: Separate UUID from event structures
• cxl/events: Remove passing a UUID to known event traces
• cxl/events: Create common event UUID defines
• Merge branch ‘for-6.7/cxl’ into for-6.8/cxl
• Merge branch ‘for-6.8/cxl-misc’ into for-6.8/cxl
• Merge branch ‘for-6.8/cxl-cdat’ into for-6.8/cxl
• cxl/events: Promote CXL event structures to a core header
• cxl: Refactor to use __free() for cxl_root allocation in cxl_endpoint_port_probe()
• cxl: Refactor to use __free() for cxl_root allocation in cxl_find_nvdimm_bridge()
• cxl: Fix device reference leak in cxl_port_perf_data_calculate()
• cxl: Convert find_cxl_root() to return a ‘struct cxl_root *’
• cxl: Introduce put_cxl_root() helper
• cxl/port: Fix missing target list lock
• cxl/port: Fix decoder initialization when nr_targets > interleave_ways
• cxl/region: fix x9 interleave typo
• cxl/trace: Pass UUID explicitly to event traces
• Merge branch ‘for-6.8/cxl-cdat’ into for-6.8/cxl
• cxl/region: use %pap format to print resource_size_t
• cxl/region: Add dev_dbg() detail on failure to allocate HPA space
• cxl: Check qos_class validity on memdev probe
• cxl: Export sysfs attributes for memory device QoS class
• cxl: Store QTG IDs and related info to the CXL memory device context
• cxl: Compute the entire CXL path latency and bandwidth data
• cxl: Add helper function that calculate performance data for downstream ports
• cxl: Store the access coordinates for the generic ports
• cxl: Calculate and store PCI link latency for the downstream ports
• cxl: Add support for _DSM Function for retrieving QTG ID
• cxl: Add callback to parse the SSLBIS subtable from CDAT
• cxl: Add callback to parse the DSLBIS subtable from CDAT
• cxl: Add callback to parse the DSMAS subtables from CDAT
• cxl: Fix unregister_region() callback parameter assignment
• cxl/pmu: Ensure put_device on pmu devices
• cxl/cdat: Free correct buffer on checksum error
• cxl/hdm: Fix dpa translation locking
• cxl: Add Support for Get Timestamp
• cxl/memdev: Hold region_rwsem during inject and clear poison ops
• cxl/core: Always hold region_rwsem while reading poison lists
• cxl/hdm: Fix a benign lockdep splat
• cxl/pci: Change CXL AER support check to use native AER
• cxl/hdm: Remove broken error path
• cxl/hdm: Fix && vs || bug
• Merge branch ‘for-6.7/cxl-commited’ into cxl/next
• Merge branch ‘for-6.7/cxl’ into cxl/next
• Merge branch ‘for-6.7/cxl-qtg’ into cxl/next
• Merge branch ‘for-6.7/cxl-rch-eh’ into cxl/next
• cxl: Add support for reading CXL switch CDAT table
• cxl: Add checksum verification to CDAT from CXL
• cxl: Export QTG ids from CFMWS to sysfs as qos_class attribute
• cxl: Add decoders_committed sysfs attribute to cxl_port
• cxl: Add cxl_decoders_committed() helper
• cxl/core/regs: Rework cxl_map_pmu_regs() to use map->dev for devm
• cxl/core/regs: Rename phys_addr in cxl_map_component_regs()
• cxl/pci: Disable root port interrupts in RCH mode
• cxl/pci: Add RCH downstream port error logging
• cxl/pci: Map RCH downstream AER registers for logging protocol errors
• cxl/pci: Update CXL error logging to use RAS register address
• PCI/AER: Refactor cper_print_aer() for use by CXL driver module
• cxl/pci: Add RCH downstream port AER register discovery
• cxl/port: Remove Component Register base address from struct cxl_port
• cxl/pci: Remove Component Register base address from struct cxl_dev_state
• cxl/hdm: Use stored Component Register mappings to map HDM decoder capability
• cxl/pci: Store the endpoint’s Component Register mappings in struct cxl_dev_state
• cxl/port: Pre-initialize component register mappings
• cxl/port: Rename @comp_map to @reg_map in struct cxl_register_map
• cxl/port: Fix @host confusion in cxl_dport_setup_regs()
• cxl/core/regs: Rename @dev to @host in struct cxl_register_map
• cxl/port: Fix delete_endpoint() vs parent unregistration race
• cxl/region: Fix x1 root-decoder granularity calculations
• cxl/region: Fix cxl_region_rwsem lock held when returning to user space
• cxl/region: Use cxl_calc_interleave_pos() for auto-discovery
• cxl/region: Calculate a target position in a region interleave
• cxl/region: Prepare the decoder match range helper for reuse
• cxl/mbox: Remove useless cast in cxl_mem_create_range_info()
• cxl/region: Do not try to cleanup after cxl_region_setup_targets() fails
• cxl/mem: Fix shutdown order
• cxl/memdev: Fix sanitize vs decoder setup locking
• cxl/pci: Fix sanitize notifier setup
• cxl/pci: Clarify devm host for memdev relative setup
• cxl/pci: Remove inconsistent usage of dev_err_probe()
• cxl/pci: Remove hardirq handler for cxl_request_irq()
• cxl/pci: Cleanup ‘sanitize’ to always poll
• cxl/pci: Remove unnecessary device reference management in sanitize work
• cxl/acpi: Annotate struct cxl_cxims_data with __counted_by
• cxl/port: Fix cxl_test register enumeration regression
• cxl/pci: Update comment
• cxl/port: Quiet warning messages from the cxl_test environment
• cxl/region: Refactor granularity select in cxl_port_setup_targets()
• cxl/region: Match auto-discovered region decoders by HPA range
• cxl/mbox: Fix CEL logic for poison and security commands
• cxl/pci: Replace host_bridge->native_aer with pcie_aer_is_native()
• cxl/pci: Fix appropriate checking for _OSC while handling CXL RAS registers
• cxl/memdev: Only show sanitize sysfs files when supported
• cxl/memdev: Document security state in kern-doc
• cxl/acpi: Return ‘rc’ instead of ‘0’ in cxl_parse_cfmws()
• cxl/acpi: Fix a use-after-free in cxl_parse_cfmws()
• cxl/mem: Fix a double shift bug
• cxl: fix CONFIG_FW_LOADER dependency
• cxl: Fix one kernel-doc comment
• cxl/pci: Use correct flag for sanitize polling
• Merge branch ‘for-6.5/cxl-rch-eh’ into for-6.5/cxl
• Merge branch ‘for-6.5/cxl-perf’ into for-6.5/cxl
• perf: CXL Performance Monitoring Unit driver
• Merge branch ‘for-6.5/cxl-region-fixes’ into for-6.5/cxl
• Merge branch ‘for-6.5/cxl-type-2’ into for-6.5/cxl
• Merge branch ‘for-6.5/cxl-fwupd’ into for-6.5/cxl
• Merge branch ‘for-6.5/cxl-background’ into for-6.5/cxl
• cxl: add a firmware update mechanism using the sysfs firmware loader
• cxl/mem: Support Secure Erase
• cxl/mem: Wire up Sanitization support
• cxl/mbox: Add sanitization handling machinery
• cxl/mem: Introduce security state sysfs file
• cxl/mbox: Allow for IRQ_NONE case in the isr
• Revert “cxl/port: Enable the HDM decoder capability for switch ports”
• cxl/memdev: Formalize endpoint port linkage
• cxl/pci: Unconditionally unmask 256B Flit errors
• cxl/region: Manage decoder target_type at decoder-attach time
• cxl/hdm: Default CXL_DEVTYPE_DEVMEM decoders to CXL_DECODER_DEVMEM
• cxl/port: Rename CXL_DECODER_{EXPANDER, ACCELERATOR} => {HOSTONLYMEM, DEVMEM}
• cxl/memdev: Make mailbox functionality optional
• cxl/mbox: Move mailbox related driver state to its own data structure
• cxl: Remove leftover attribute documentation in ‘struct cxl_dev_state’
• cxl: Fix kernel-doc warnings
• cxl/regs: Clarify when a ‘struct cxl_register_map’ is input vs output
• cxl/region: Fix state transitions after reset failure
• cxl/region: Flag partially torn down regions as unusable
• cxl/region: Move cache invalidation before region teardown, and before setup
• cxl/port: Store the downstream port’s Component Register mappings in struct cxl_dport
• cxl/port: Store the port’s Component Register mappings in struct cxl_port
• cxl/pci: Early setup RCH dport component registers from RCRB
• cxl/mem: Prepare for early RCH dport component register setup
• cxl/regs: Remove early capability checks in Component Register setup
• cxl/port: Remove Component Register base address from struct cxl_dport
• cxl/acpi: Directly bind the CEDT detected CHBCR to the Host Bridge’s port
• cxl/acpi: Move add_host_bridge_uport() after cxl_get_chbs()
• cxl/pci: Refactor component register discovery for reuse
• cxl/core/regs: Add @dev to cxl_register_map
• cxl: Rename ‘uport’ to ‘uport_dev’
• cxl: Rename member @dport of struct cxl_dport to @dport_dev
• cxl/rch: Prepare for caching the MMIO mapped PCIe AER capability
• cxl/acpi: Probe RCRB later during RCH downstream port creation
• cxl/pci: Find and register CXL PMU devices
• cxl: Add functions to get an instance of / count regblocks of a given type
• cxl: Explicitly initialize resources when media is not ready
• cxl/mbox: Add background cmd handling machinery
• cxl/pci: Introduce cxl_request_irq()
• cxl/pci: Allocate irq vectors earlier during probe
• cxl/port: Fix NULL pointer access in devm_cxl_add_port()
• cxl: Move cxl_await_media_ready() to before capacity info retrieval
• cxl: Wait Memory_Info_Valid before access memory related info
• cxl/port: Enable the HDM decoder capability for switch ports
• cxl: Add missing return to cdat read error path
• Merge tag ‘cxl-for-6.4’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cxl/cxl
• Merge tag ‘driver-core-6.4-rc1’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core
• cxl/mbox: Update CMD_RC_TABLE
• Merge branch ‘for-6.3/cxl-autodetect-fixes’ into for-6.4/cxl
• Merge branch ‘for-6.4/cxl-poison’ into for-6.4/cxl
• cxl/mem: Add debugfs attributes for poison inject and clear
• cxl/memdev: Trace inject and clear poison as cxl_poison events
• cxl/memdev: Warn of poison inject or clear to a mapped region
• cxl/memdev: Add support for the Clear Poison mailbox command
• cxl/memdev: Add support for the Inject Poison mailbox command
• cxl/trace: Add an HPA to cxl_poison trace events
• cxl/region: Provide region info to the cxl_poison trace event
• cxl/memdev: Add trigger_poison_list sysfs attribute
• cxl/trace: Add TRACE support for CXL media-error records
• cxl/mbox: Add GET_POISON_LIST mailbox command
• cxl/mbox: Initialize the poison state
• cxl/mbox: Restrict poison cmds to debugfs cxl_raw_allow_all
• cxl/mbox: Deprecate poison commands
• cxl/port: Fix port to pci device assumptions in read_cdat_data()
• cxl/pci: Rightsize CDAT response allocation
• cxl/pci: Simplify CDAT retrieval error path
• cxl/pci: Use CDAT DOE mailbox created by PCI core
• cxl/pci: Use synchronous API for DOE
• cxl/hdm: Add more HDM decoder debug messages at startup
• cxl/port: Scan single-target ports for decoders
• cxl/core: Drop unused io-64-nonatomic-lo-hi.h
• cxl/hdm: Use 4-byte reads to retrieve HDM decoder base+limit
• cxl/hdm: Fail upon detecting 0-sized decoders
• Merge branch ‘for-6.3/cxl-doe-fixes’ into for-6.3/cxl
• cxl/hdm: Extend DVSEC range register emulation for region enumeration
• cxl/hdm: Limit emulation to the number of range registers
• cxl/region: Move coherence tracking into cxl_region_attach()
• cxl/region: Fix region setup/teardown for RCDs
• cxl/port: Fix find_cxl_root() for RCDs and simplify it
• cxl/hdm: Skip emulation when driver manages mem_enable
• cxl/hdm: Fix double allocation of @cxlhdm
• cxl/pci: Handle excessive CDAT length
• cxl/pci: Handle truncated CDAT entries
• cxl/pci: Handle truncated CDAT header
• driver core: bus: mark the struct bus_type for sysfs callbacks as constant
• cxl/pci: Fix CDAT retrieval on big endian
• Merge tag ‘cxl-for-6.3’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cxl/cxl
• Merge tag ‘driver-core-6.3-rc1’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core
• Merge branch ‘for-6.3/cxl-events’ into cxl/next
• cxl/mem: Add kdoc param for event log driver state
• cxl/trace: Add serial number to trace points
• cxl/trace: Add host output to trace points
• cxl/trace: Standardize device information output
• Merge branch ‘for-6.3/cxl-rr-emu’ into cxl/next
• cxl/pci: Remove locked check for dvsec_range_allowed()
• cxl/hdm: Add emulation when HDM decoders are not committed
• cxl/hdm: Create emulated cxl_hdm for devices that do not have HDM decoders
• cxl/hdm: Emulate HDM decoder from DVSEC range registers
• cxl/pci: Refactor cxl_hdm_decode_init()
• cxl/port: Export cxl_dvsec_rr_decode() to cxl_port
• cxl/pci: Break out range register decoding from cxl_hdm_decode_init()
• Merge branch ‘for-6.3/cxl’ into cxl/next
• Merge branch ‘for-6.3/cxl-ram-region’ into cxl/next
• cxl: add RAS status unmasking for CXL
• cxl: remove unnecessary calling of pci_enable_pcie_error_reporting()
• cxl: avoid returning uninitialized error code
• cxl/pmem: Fix nvdimm registration races
• Merge branch ‘for-6.3/cxl-ram-region’ into cxl/next
• Merge branch ‘for-6.3/cxl’ into cxl/next
• cxl/uapi: Tag commands from cxl_query_cmd()
• cxl/mem: Remove unused CXL_CMD_FLAG_NONE define
• cxl/dax: Create dax devices for CXL RAM regions
• tools/testing/cxl: Define a fixed volatile configuration to parse
• cxl/region: Add region autodiscovery
• cxl/port: Split endpoint and switch port probe
• cxl/region: Enable CONFIG_CXL_REGION to be toggled
• kernel/range: Uplevel the cxl subsystem’s range_contains() helper
• cxl/region: Move region-position validation to a helper
• cxl/region: Cleanup target list on attach error
• cxl/region: Refactor attach_target() for autodiscovery
• cxl/region: Add volatile region creation support
• cxl/region: Validate region mode vs decoder mode
• cxl/region: Support empty uuids for non-pmem regions
• cxl/region: Add a mode attribute for regions
• cxl/memdev: Fix endpoint port removal
• cxl/mem: Correct full ID range allocation
• Merge branch ‘for-6.3/cxl-events’ into cxl/next
• Merge branch ‘for-6.3/cxl’ into cxl/next
• cxl/region: Fix passthrough-decoder detection
• cxl/region: Fix null pointer dereference for resetting decoder
• cxl/pci: Fix irq oneshot expectations
• cxl/pci: Set the device timestamp
• cxl/mbox: Add missing parameter to docs.
• cxl/mbox: Fix Payload Length check for Get Log command
• driver core: make struct bus_type.uevent() take a const *
• driver core: make struct device_type.devnode() take a const *
• cxl/mem: Trace Memory Module Event Record
• cxl/mem: Trace DRAM Event Record
• cxl/mem: Trace General Media Event Record
• cxl/mem: Wire up event interrupts
• cxl: fix spelling mistakes
• cxl/mbox: Add debug messages for enabled mailbox commands
• cxl/mem: Read, trace, and clear events on driver load
• cxl/pmem: Fix nvdimm unregistration when cxl_pmem driver is absent
• cxl/port: Link the ‘parent_dport’ in portX/ and endpointX/ sysfs
• cxl/region: Clarify when a cxld->commit() callback is mandatory
• cxl/pci: Show opcode in debug messages when sending a command
• cxl: fix cxl_report_and_clear() RAS UE addr mis-assignment
• cxl/region: Only warn about cpu_cache_invalidate_memregion() once
• cxl/pci: Move tracepoint definitions to drivers/cxl/core/
• cxl/region: Fix memdev reuse check
• cxl/pci: Remove endian confusion
• cxl/pci: Add some type-safety to the AER trace points
• cxl/security: Drop security command ioctl uapi
• cxl/mbox: Add variable output size validation for internal commands
• cxl/mbox: Enable cxl_mbox_send_cmd() users to validate output size
• cxl/security: Fix Get Security State output payload endian handling
• cxl: update names for interleave ways conversion macros
• cxl: update names for interleave granularity conversion macros
• cxl/acpi: Warn about an invalid CHBCR in an existing CHBS entry
• cxl/acpi: Fail decoder add if CXIMS for HBIG is missing
• cxl/region: Fix spelling mistake “memergion” -> “memregion”
• cxl/regs: Fix sparse warning
• Merge branch ‘for-6.2/cxl-xor’ into for-6.2/cxl
• Merge branch ‘for-6.2/cxl-aer’ into for-6.2/cxl
• Merge branch ‘for-6.2/cxl-security’ into for-6.2/cxl
• cxl/port: Add RCD endpoint port enumeration
• cxl/mem: Move devm_cxl_add_endpoint() from cxl_core to cxl_mem
• cxl/acpi: Support CXL XOR Interleave Math (CXIMS)
• cxl/pci: Add callback to log AER correctable error
• cxl/pci: Add (hopeful) error handling support
• cxl/pci: add tracepoint events for CXL RAS
• cxl/pci: Find and map the RAS Capability Structure
• cxl/pci: Prepare for mapping RAS Capability Structure
• cxl/port: Limit the port driver to just the HDM Decoder Capability
• cxl/core/regs: Make cxl_map_{component, device}_regs() device generic
• cxl/pci: Kill cxl_map_regs()
• cxl/pci: Cleanup cxl_map_device_regs()
• cxl/pci: Cleanup repeated code in cxl_probe_regs() helpers
• cxl/acpi: Extract component registers of restricted hosts from RCRB
• cxl/region: Manage CPU caches relative to DPA invalidation events
• cxl/pmem: Enforce keyctl ABI for PMEM security
• cxl/region: Fix missing probe failure
• cxl: add dimm_id support for __nvdimm_create()
• cxl/ACPI: Register CXL host ports by bridge device
• tools/testing/cxl: Make mock CEDT parsing more robust
• cxl/acpi: Move rescan to the workqueue
• cxl/pmem: Remove the cxl_pmem_wq and related infrastructure
• cxl/pmem: Refactor nvdimm device registration, delete the workqueue
• cxl/region: Drop redundant pmem region release handling
• cxl/acpi: Simplify cxl_nvdimm_bridge probing
• cxl/pmem: add provider name to cxl pmem dimm attribute group
• cxl/pmem: add id attribute to CXL based nvdimm
• nvdimm/cxl/pmem: Add support for master passphrase disable security command
• cxl/pmem: Add “Passphrase Secure Erase” security command support
• cxl/pmem: Add “Unlock” security command support
• cxl/pmem: Add “Freeze Security State” security command support
• cxl/pmem: Add Disable Passphrase security command support
• cxl/pmem: Add “Set Passphrase” security command support
• cxl/pmem: Introduce nvdimm_security_ops with ->get_flags() operation
• cxl: Replace HDM decoder granularity magic numbers
• cxl/acpi: Improve debug messages in cxl_acpi_probe()
• cxl: Unify debug messages when calling devm_cxl_add_dport()
• cxl: Unify debug messages when calling devm_cxl_add_port()
• cxl/core: Check physical address before mapping it in devm_cxl_iomap_block()
• cxl/core: Remove duplicate declaration of devm_cxl_iomap_block()
• cxl/doe: Request exclusive DOE access
• cxl/region: Recycle region ids
• cxl/region: Fix ‘distance’ calculation with passthrough ports
• cxl/pmem: Fix cxl_pmem_region and cxl_memdev leak
• cxl/region: Fix cxl_region leak, cleanup targets at region delete
• cxl/region: Fix region HPA ordering validation
• cxl/pmem: Use size_add() against integer overflow
• cxl/region: Fix decoder allocation crash
• cxl/pmem: Fix failure to account for 8 byte header for writes to the device LSA.
• cxl/region: Fix null pointer dereference due to pass through decoder commit
• cxl/mbox: Add a check on input payload size
• cxl/hdm: Fix skip allocations vs multiple pmem allocations
• cxl/region: Disallow region granularity != window granularity
• cxl/region: Fix x1 interleave to greater than x1 interleave routing
• cxl/region: Move HPA setup to cxl_region_attach()
• cxl/region: Fix decoder interleave programming
• cxl/region: describe targets and nr_targets members of cxl_region_params
• cxl/regions: add padding for cxl_rr_ep_add nested lists
• cxl/region: Fix IS_ERR() vs NULL check
• cxl/region: Fix region reference target accounting
• cxl/region: Fix region commit uninitialized variable warning
• cxl/region: Fix port setup uninitialized variable warnings
• cxl/region: Stop initializing interleave granularity
• cxl/hdm: Fix DPA reservation vs cxl_endpoint_decoder lifetime
• cxl/acpi: Minimize granularity for x1 interleaves
• cxl/region: Delete ‘region’ attribute from root decoders
• cxl/acpi: Autoload driver for ‘cxl_acpi’ test devices
• cxl/region: decrement ->nr_targets on error in cxl_region_attach()
• cxl/region: prevent underflow in ways_to_cxl()
• cxl/region: uninitialized variable in alloc_hpa()
• cxl/region: Introduce cxl_pmem_region objects
• cxl/pmem: Fix offline_nvdimm_bus() to offline by bridge
• cxl/region: Add region driver boiler plate
• cxl/hdm: Commit decoder state to hardware
• cxl/region: Program target lists
• cxl/region: Attach endpoint decoders
• cxl/acpi: Add a host-bridge index lookup mechanism
• cxl/region: Enable the assignment of endpoint decoders to regions
• cxl/region: Allocate HPA capacity to regions
• cxl/region: Add interleave geometry attributes
• cxl/region: Add a ‘uuid’ attribute
• cxl/region: Add region creation support
• cxl/mem: Enumerate port targets before adding endpoints
• cxl/hdm: Add sysfs attributes for interleave ways + granularity
• cxl/port: Move dport tracking to an xarray
• cxl/port: Move ‘cxl_ep’ references to an xarray per port
• cxl/port: Record parent dport when adding ports
• cxl/port: Record dport in endpoint references
• cxl/hdm: Add support for allocating DPA to an endpoint decoder
• cxl/hdm: Track next decoder to allocate
• cxl/hdm: Add ‘mode’ attribute to decoder objects
• cxl/hdm: Enumerate allocated DPA
• cxl/core: Define a ‘struct cxl_endpoint_decoder’
• cxl/core: Define a ‘struct cxl_root_decoder’
• cxl/acpi: Track CXL resources in iomem_resource
• cxl/core: Define a ‘struct cxl_switch_decoder’
• cxl/port: Read CDAT table
• cxl/pci: Create PCI DOE mailbox’s for memory devices
• cxl/pmem: Delete unused nvdimm attribute
• cxl/hdm: Initialize decoder type for memory expander devices
• cxl/port: Cache CXL host bridge data
• tools/testing/cxl: Add partition support
• cxl/mem: Add a debugfs version of ‘iomem’ for DPA, ‘dpamem’
• cxl/debug: Move debugfs init to cxl_core_init()
• cxl/hdm: Require all decoders to be enumerated
• cxl/mem: Convert partition-info to resources
• cxl: Introduce cxl_to_{ways,granularity}
• cxl/core: Drop is_cxl_decoder()
• cxl/core: Drop ->platform_res attribute for root decoders
• cxl/core: Rename ->decoder_range ->hpa_range
• cxl/hdm: Use local hdm variable
• cxl/port: Keep port->uport valid for the entire life of a port
• cxl/mbox: Fix missing variable payload checks in cmd size validation
• cxl/mbox: Use __le32 in get,set_lsa mailbox structures
• cxl/core: Use is_endpoint_decoder
• cxl: Fix cleanup of port devices on failure to probe driver.
• cxl/port: Enable HDM Capability after validating DVSEC Ranges
• cxl/port: Reuse ‘struct cxl_hdm’ context for hdm init
• cxl/port: Move endpoint HDM Decoder Capability init to port driver
• cxl/pci: Drop @info argument to cxl_hdm_decode_init()
• cxl/mem: Merge cxl_dvsec_ranges() and cxl_hdm_decode_init()
• cxl/mem: Skip range enumeration if mem_enable clear
• cxl/mem: Consolidate CXL DVSEC Range enumeration in the core
• cxl/pci: Move cxl_await_media_ready() to the core
• cxl/mem: Validate port connectivity before dvsec ranges
• cxl/mem: Fix cxl_mem_probe() error exit
• cxl/pci: Drop wait_for_valid() from cxl_await_media_ready()
• cxl/pci: Consolidate wait_for_media() and wait_for_media_ready()
• cxl/mem: Drop mem_enabled check from wait_for_media()
• cxl: Drop cxl_device_lock()
• cxl/acpi: Add root device lockdep validation
• cxl: Replace lockdep_mutex with local lock classes
• cxl/mbox: fix logical vs bitwise typo
• cxl/mbox: Replace NULL check with IS_ERR() after vmemdup_user()
• cxl/mbox: Use type __u32 for mailbox payload sizes
• PM: CXL: Disable suspend
• cxl/mem: Replace redundant debug message with a comment
• cxl/mem: Rename cxl_dvsec_decode_init() to cxl_hdm_decode_init()
• cxl/pci: Make cxl_dvsec_ranges() failure not fatal to cxl_pci
• cxl/mem: Make cxl_dvsec_range() init failure fatal
• cxl/pci: Add debug for DVSEC range init failures
• cxl/mem: Drop DVSEC vs EFI Memory Map sanity check
• cxl/mbox: Use new return_code handling
• cxl/mbox: Improve handling of mbox_cmd hw return codes
• cxl/pci: Use CXL_MBOX_SUCCESS to check against mbox_cmd return code
• cxl/mbox: Drop mbox_mutex comment
• cxl/pmem: Remove CXL SET_PARTITION_INFO from exclusive_cmds list
• cxl/mbox: Block immediate mode in SET_PARTITION_INFO command
• cxl/mbox: Move cxl_mem_command param to a local variable
• cxl/mbox: Make handle_mailbox_cmd_from_user() use a mbox param
• cxl/mbox: Remove dependency on cxl_mem_command for a debug msg
• cxl/mbox: Construct a users cxl_mbox_cmd in the validation path
• cxl/mbox: Move build of user mailbox cmd to a helper functions
• cxl/mbox: Move raw command warning to raw command validation
• cxl/mbox: Move cxl_mem_command construction to helper funcs
• cxl/pci: Drop shadowed variable
• cxl/core/port: Fix NULL but dereferenced coccicheck error
• cxl/port: Hold port reference until decoder release
• cxl/port: Fix endpoint refcount leak
• cxl/core: Fix cxl_device_lock() class detection
• cxl/core/port: Fix unregister_port() lock assertion
• cxl/regs: Fix size of CXL Capability Header Register
• cxl/core/port: Handle invalid decoders
• cxl/core/port: Fix / relax decoder target enumeration
• cxl/core/port: Add endpoint decoders
• cxl/core: Move target_list out of base decoder attributes
• cxl/mem: Add the cxl_mem driver
• cxl/core/port: Add switch port enumeration
• cxl/memdev: Add numa_node attribute
• cxl/pci: Emit device serial number
• cxl/pci: Implement wait for media active
• cxl/pci: Retrieve CXL DVSEC memory info
• cxl/pci: Cache device DVSEC offset
• cxl/pci: Store component register base in cxlds
• cxl/core/port: Remove @host argument for dport + decoder enumeration
• cxl/port: Add a driver for ‘struct cxl_port’ objects
• cxl/core: Emit modalias for CXL devices
• cxl/core/hdm: Add CXL standard decoder enumeration to the core
• cxl/core: Generalize dport enumeration in the core
• cxl/pci: Rename pci.h to cxlpci.h
• cxl/port: Up-level cxl_add_dport() locking requirements to the caller
• cxl/pmem: Introduce a find_cxl_root() helper
• cxl/port: Introduce cxl_port_to_pci_bus()
• cxl/core/port: Use dedicated lock for decoder target list
• cxl: Prove CXL locking
• cxl/core: Track port depth
• cxl/core/port: Make passthrough decoder init implicit
• cxl/core: Fix cxl_probe_component_regs() error message
• cxl/core/port: Clarify decoder creation
• cxl/core: Convert decoder range to resource
• cxl/decoder: Hide physical address information from non-root
• cxl/core/port: Rename bus.c to port.c
• cxl: Introduce module_cxl_driver
• cxl/acpi: Map component registers for Root Ports
• cxl/pci: Add new DVSEC definitions
• cxl: Flesh out register names
• cxl/pci: Defer mailbox status checks to command timeouts
• cxl/pci: Implement Interface Ready Timeout
• cxl: Rename CXL_MEM to CXL_PCI
• cxl/core: Remove cxld_const_init in cxl_decoder_alloc()
• cxl/pmem: Fix module reload vs workqueue state
• ACPI: NUMA: Add a node and memblk for each CFMWS not in SRAT
• cxl/test: Mock acpi_table_parse_cedt()
• cxl/acpi: Convert CFMWS parsing to ACPI sub-table helpers
• cxl/memdev: Remove unused cxlmd field
• cxl/core: Convert to EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS_GPL
• cxl/memdev: Change cxl_mem to a more descriptive name
• cxl/mbox: Remove bad comment
• cxl/pmem: Fix reference counting for delayed work
• Merge tag ‘cxl-for-5.16’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cxl/cxl
• cxl/pci: Use pci core’s DVSEC functionality
• cxl/pci: Split cxl_pci_setup_regs()
• cxl/pci: Add @base to cxl_register_map
• cxl/pci: Make more use of cxl_register_map
• cxl/pci: Remove pci request/release regions
• cxl/pci: Fix NULL vs ERR_PTR confusion
• cxl/pci: Remove dev_dbg for unknown register blocks
• cxl/pci: Convert register block identifiers to an enum
• cxl/acpi: Do not fail cxl_acpi_probe() based on a missing CHBS
• cxl/core: Replace unions with struct_group()
• cxl/pci: Disambiguate cxl_pci further from cxl_mem
• cxl/core: Split decoder setup into alloc + add
• tools/testing/cxl: Introduce a mock memory device + driver
• cxl/mbox: Move command definitions to common location
• cxl/bus: Populate the target list at decoder create
• tools/testing/cxl: Introduce a mocked-up CXL port hierarchy
• cxl/pmem: Add support for multiple nvdimm-bridge objects
• cxl/pmem: Translate NVDIMM label commands to CXL label commands
• cxl/mbox: Add exclusive kernel command support
• cxl/mbox: Convert ’enabled_cmds’ to DECLARE_BITMAP
• cxl/pci: Use module_pci_driver
• cxl/mbox: Move mailbox and other non-PCI specific infrastructure to the core
• cxl/pci: Drop idr.h
• cxl/mbox: Introduce the mbox_send operation
• cxl/pci: Clean up cxl_mem_get_partition_info()
• cxl/pci: Make ‘struct cxl_mem’ device type generic
• Merge tag ‘cxl-for-5.15’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cxl/cxl
• cxl/registers: Fix Documentation warning
• cxl/pmem: Fix Documentation warning
• cxl/pci: Fix debug message in cxl_probe_regs()
• cxl/pci: Fix lockdown level
• cxl/acpi: Do not add DSDT disabled ACPI0016 host bridge ports
• cxl/mem: Adjust ram/pmem range to represent DPA ranges
• cxl/mem: Account for partitionable space in ram/pmem ranges
• cxl/pci: Store memory capacity values
• cxl/pci: Simplify register setup
• cxl/pci: Ignore unknown register block types
• cxl/core: Move memdev management to core
• cxl/pci: Introduce cdevm_file_operations
• cxl/core: Move register mapping infrastructure
• cxl/core: Move pmem functionality
• cxl/core: Improve CXL core kernel docs
• cxl: Move cxl_core to new directory
• bus: Make remove callback return void
• cxl/pci: Rename CXL REGLOC ID
• cxl/acpi: Use the ACPI CFMWS to create static decoder objects
• cxl/acpi: Add the Host Bridge base address to CXL port objects
• cxl/pmem: Register ‘pmem’ / cxl_nvdimm devices
• cxl/pmem: Add initial infrastructure for pmem support
• cxl/core: Add cxl-bus driver infrastructure
• cxl/pci: Add media provisioning required commands
• cxl/component_regs: Fix offset
• cxl/hdm: Fix decoder count calculation
• cxl/acpi: Introduce cxl_decoder objects
• cxl/acpi: Enumerate host bridge root ports
• cxl/acpi: Add downstream port data to cxl_port instances
• cxl/Kconfig: Default drivers to CONFIG_CXL_BUS
• cxl/acpi: Introduce the root of a cxl_port topology
• cxl/pci: Fixup devm_cxl_iomap_block() to take a ‘struct device *’
• cxl/pci: Add HDM decoder capabilities
• cxl/pci: Reserve individual register block regions
• cxl/pci: Map registers based on capabilities
• cxl/pci: Reserve all device regions at once
• cxl/pci: Introduce cxl_decode_register_block()
• cxl/mem: Get rid of @cxlm.base
• cxl/mem: Move register locator logic into reg setup
• cxl/mem: Split creation from mapping in probe
• cxl/mem: Use dev instead of pdev->dev
• cxl/mem: Demarcate vendor specific capability IDs
• cxl/pci.c: Add a ’label_storage_size’ attribute to the memdev
• cxl: Rename mem to pci
• cxl/core: Refactor CXL register lookup for bridge reuse
• cxl/core: Rename bus.c to core.c
• cxl/mem: Introduce ‘struct cxl_regs’ for “composable” CXL devices
• cxl/mem: Move some definitions to mem.h
• cxl/mem: Fix memory device capacity probing
• cxl/mem: Fix register block offset calculation
• cxl/mem: Force array size of mem_commands[] to CXL_MEM_COMMAND_ID_MAX
• cxl/mem: Disable cxl device power management
• cxl/mem: Do not rely on device_add() side effects for dev_set_name() failures
• cxl/mem: Fix synchronization mechanism for device removal vs ioctl operations
• cxl/mem: Use sysfs_emit() for attribute show routines
• cxl/mem: Fix potential memory leak
• cxl/mem: Return -EFAULT if copy_to_user() fails
• cxl/mem: Add set of informational commands
• cxl/mem: Enable commands via CEL
• cxl/mem: Add a “RAW” send command
• cxl/mem: Add basic IOCTL interface
• cxl/mem: Register CXL memX devices
• cxl/mem: Find device capabilities
• cxl/mem: Introduce a driver for CXL-2.0-Type-3 endpoints
• Merge tag ‘mm-stable-2024-05-17-19-19’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-6.10’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• dax/bus.c: use the right locking mode (read vs write) in size_show
• dax/bus.c: don’t use down_write_killable for non-user processes
• dax/bus.c: fix locking for unregister_dax_dev / unregister_dax_mapping paths
• dax/bus.c: replace WARN_ON_ONCE() with lockdep asserts
• memory tier: dax/kmem: introduce an abstract layer for finding, allocating, and putting memory types
• mm: switch mm->get_unmapped_area() to a flag
• dax: remove redundant assignment to variable rc
• dax: constify the struct device_type usage
• fs: claw back a few FMODE_* bits
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-6.9’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• Merge tag ‘mm-stable-2024-03-13-20-04’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
• mm, slab: remove last vestiges of SLAB_MEM_SPREAD
• dax: remove SLAB_MEM_SPREAD flag usage
• dax: fix incorrect list of data cache aliasing architectures
• dax: check for data cache aliasing at runtime
• dax: alloc_dax() return ERR_PTR(-EOPNOTSUPP) for CONFIG_DAX=n
• dax: add a sysfs knob to control memmap_on_memory behavior
• dax/bus.c: replace several sprintf() with sysfs_emit()
• dax/bus.c: replace driver-core lock usage by a local rwsem
• device-dax: make dax_bus_type const
• Merge tag ‘xfs-6.8-merge-3’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfs-linux
• dax/kmem: allow kmem to add memory with memmap_on_memory
• mm, pmem, xfs: Introduce MF_MEM_PRE_REMOVE for unbind
• Merge tag ‘mm-stable-2023-11-01-14-33’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
• dax, kmem: calculate abstract distance with general interface
• dax: refactor deprecated strncpy
• mm: remove enum page_entry_size
• memory tier: rename destroy_memory_type() to put_memory_type()
• dax: enable dax fault handler to report VM_FAULT_HWPOISON
• dax/kmem: Pass valid argument to memory_group_register_static
• dax: Cleanup extra dax_region references
• dax: Introduce alloc_dev_dax_id()
• dax: Use device_unregister() in unregister_dax_mapping()
• dax: Fix dax_mapping_release() use after free
• dax: fix missing-prototype warnings
• Merge tag ‘cxl-for-6.3’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cxl/cxl
• Merge tag ‘driver-core-6.3-rc1’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core
• Merge tag ‘mm-stable-2023-02-20-13-37’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
• Merge tag ‘rcu.2023.02.10a’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulmck/linux-rcu
• dax/kmem: Fix leak of memory-hotplug resources
• dax: cxl: add CXL_REGION dependency
• cxl/dax: Create dax devices for CXL RAM regions
• dax: Assign RAM regions to memory-hotplug by default
• dax/hmem: Move hmem device registration to dax_hmem.ko
• dax/hmem: Convey the dax range via memregion_info()
• dax/hmem: Drop unnecessary dax_hmem_remove()
• dax/hmem: Move HMAT and Soft reservation probe initcall level
• mm: replace vma->vm_flags direct modifications with modifier calls
• drivers/dax: Remove “select SRCU”
• driver core: make struct bus_type.uevent() take a const *
• dax: super.c: fix kernel-doc bad line warning
• device-dax: Fix duplicate ‘hmem’ device registration
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-6.1’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• Merge tag ‘mm-stable-2022-10-08’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
• ACPI: HMAT: Release platform device in case of platform_device_add_data() fails
• dax: Remove usage of the deprecated ida_simple_xxx API
• mm/demotion/dax/kmem: set node’s abstract distance to MEMTIER_DEFAULT_DAX_ADISTANCE
• devdax: Fix soft-reservation memory description
• dax: introduce holder for dax_device
• dax: add .recovery_write dax_operation
• dax: introduce DAX_RECOVERY_WRITE dax access mode
• Merge tag ‘dax-for-5.18’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• Merge tag ‘folio-5.18b’ of git://git.infradead.org/users/willy/pagecache
• fs: allocate inode by using alloc_inode_sb()
• fs: Convert __set_page_dirty_no_writeback to noop_dirty_folio
• fs: Remove noop_invalidatepage()
• dax: Fix missing kdoc for dax_device
• dax: make sure inodes are flushed before destroy cache
• Merge branch ‘akpm’ (patches from Andrew)
• device-dax: compound devmap support
• device-dax: remove pfn from _dev_dax{pte,pmd,pud}_fault()
• device-dax: set mapping prior to vmf_insert_pfn{,_pmd,pud}()
• device-dax: factor out page mapping initialization
• device-dax: ensure dev_dax->pgmap is valid for dynamic devices
• device-dax: use struct_size()
• device-dax: use ALIGN() for determining pgoff
• dax: remove the copy_from_iter and copy_to_iter methods
• dax: remove the DAXDEV_F_SYNC flag
• dax: simplify dax_synchronous and set_dax_synchronous
• dax: return the partition offset from fs_dax_get_by_bdev
• fsdax: simplify the pgoff calculation
• dax: remove dax_capable
• dax: move the partition alignment check into fs_dax_get_by_bdev
• dax: remove the pgmap sanity checks in generic_fsdax_supported
• dax: simplify the dax_device <-> gendisk association
• dax: remove CONFIG_DAX_DRIVER
• dm: make the DAX support depend on CONFIG_FS_DAX
• dax: Kill DEV_DAX_PMEM_COMPAT
• nvdimm/pmem: move dax_attribute_group from dax to pmem
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-5.15’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• Merge branch ‘akpm’ (patches from Andrew)
• dax/kmem: use a single static memory group for a single probed unit
• mm/memory_hotplug: remove nid parameter from remove_memory() and friends
• Merge tag ‘driver-core-5.15-rc1’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core
• dax: remove bdev_dax_supported
• dax: stub out dax_supported for !CONFIG_FS_DAX
• dax: remove __generic_fsdax_supported
• dax: move the dax_read_lock() locking into dax_supported
• dax: mark dax_get_by_host static
• dax: stop using bdevname
• Merge branch ‘for-5.14/dax’ into libnvdimm-fixes
• bus: Make remove callback return void
• dax: Ensure errno is returned from dax_direct_access
• fs: remove noop_set_page_dirty()
• dax: avoid -Wempty-body warnings
• Merge branch ‘work.misc’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs
• Merge branch ‘for-5.12/dax’ into for-5.12/libnvdimm
• whack-a-mole: don’t open-code iminor/imajor
• dax-device: Make remove callback return void
• device-dax: Drop an empty .remove callback
• device-dax: Fix error path in dax_driver_register
• device-dax: Properly handle drivers without remove callback
• device-dax: Prevent registering drivers without probe callback
• libnvdimm: Make remove callback return void
• device-dax: Fix default return code of range_parse()
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-5.11’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• device-dax: Avoid an unnecessary check in alloc_dev_dax_range()
• device-dax: Fix range release
• device-dax: delete a redundancy check in dev_dax_validate_align()
• device-dax/core: Fix memory leak when rmmod dax.ko
• device-dax/pmem: Convert comma to semicolon
• vm_ops: rename .split() callback to .may_split()
• device-dax/kmem: use struct_size()
• mm: fix phys_to_target_node() and memory_add_physaddr_to_nid() exports
• Merge tag ‘fuse-update-5.10’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mszeredi/fuse
• mm/memory_hotplug: prepare passing flags to add_memory() and friends
• device-dax/kmem: fix resource release
• device-dax: add a range mapping allocation attribute
• dax/hmem: introduce dax_hmem.region_idle parameter
• device-dax: add an ‘align’ attribute
• device-dax: make align a per-device property
• device-dax: introduce ‘mapping’ devices
• device-dax: add dis-contiguous resource support
• mm/memremap_pages: support multiple ranges per invocation
• mm/memremap_pages: convert to ‘struct range’
• device-dax: add resize support
• device-dax: introduce ‘seed’ devices
• device-dax: introduce ‘struct dev_dax’ typed-driver operations
• device-dax: add an allocation interface for device-dax instances
• device-dax/kmem: replace release_resource() with release_mem_region()
• device-dax/kmem: move resource name tracking to drvdata
• device-dax/kmem: introduce dax_kmem_range()
• device-dax: make pgmap optional for instance creation
• device-dax: move instance creation parameters to ‘struct dev_dax_data’
• device-dax: drop the dax_region.pfn_flags attribute
• ACPI: HMAT: attach a device for each soft-reserved range
• ACPI: HMAT: refactor hmat_register_target_device to hmem_register_device
• dax: Fix stack overflow when mounting fsdax pmem device
• dm: Call proper helper to determine dax support
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-fix-v5.9-rc5’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• dax: Modify bdev_dax_pgoff() to handle NULL bdev
• Merge tag ‘for-linus-5.9-rc4-tag’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/xen/tip
• memremap: rename MEMORY_DEVICE_DEVDAX to MEMORY_DEVICE_GENERIC
• dax: fix detection of dax support for non-persistent memory block devices
• dax: do not print error message for non-persistent memory block device
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-5.9’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• drivers/dax: Expand lock scope to cover the use of addresses
• dax: print error message by pr_info() in __generic_fsdax_supported()
• block: remove the bd_queue field from struct block_device
• device-dax: add memory via add_memory_driver_managed()
• vfs: track per-sb writeback errors and report them to syncfs
• device-dax: don’t leak kernel memory to user space after unloading kmem
• dax: Move mandatory ->zero_page_range() check in alloc_dax()
• dax, pmem: Add a dax operation zero_page_range
• dax: Get rid of fs_dax_get_by_host() helper
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-5.5’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• dax: Add numa_node to the default device-dax attributes
• dax: Simplify root read-only definition for the ‘resource’ attribute
• dax: Create a dax device_type
• libnvdimm/namespace: Differentiate between probe mapping and runtime mapping
• device-dax: Add a driver for “hmem” devices
• dax: Fix alloc_dax_region() compile warning
• Merge branch ‘work.mount0’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs
• Merge tag ‘dax-for-5.3’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-5.3’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• device-dax: “Hotremove” persistent memory that is used like normal RAM
• device-dax: fix memory and resource leak if hotplug fails
• libnvdimm: add dax_dev sync flag
• device-dax: use the dev_pagemap internal refcount
• memremap: pass a struct dev_pagemap to ->kill and ->cleanup
• memremap: move dev_pagemap callbacks into a separate structure
• memremap: validate the pagemap type passed to devm_memremap_pages
• device-dax: Add a ‘resource’ attribute
• mm/devm_memremap_pages: fix final page put race
• treewide: Replace GPLv2 boilerplate/reference with SPDX - rule 295
• vfs: Convert dax to use the new mount API
• mount_pseudo(): drop ’name’ argument, switch to d_make_root()
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-fixes-5.2-rc2’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• treewide: Add SPDX license identifier - Makefile/Kconfig
• device-dax: Drop register_filesystem()
• dax: Arrange for dax_supported check to span multiple devices
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-fixes-5.2-rc1’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• mm/huge_memory: fix vmf_insert_pfn_{pmd, pud}() crash, handle unaligned addresses
• drivers/dax: Allow to include DEV_DAX_PMEM as builtin
• dax: make use of ->free_inode()
• dax/pmem: Fix whitespace in dax_pmem
• Merge tag ‘devdax-for-5.1’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• device-dax: “Hotplug” persistent memory for use like normal RAM
• device-dax: Add a ‘modalias’ attribute to DAX ‘bus’ devices
• dax: Check the end of the block-device capacity with dax_direct_access()
• device-dax: Add a ’target_node’ attribute
• device-dax: Auto-bind device after successful new_id
• acpi/nfit, device-dax: Identify differentiated memory with a unique numa-node
• device-dax: Add /sys/class/dax backwards compatibility
• device-dax: Add support for a dax override driver
• device-dax: Move resource pinning+mapping into the common driver
• device-dax: Introduce bus + driver model
• device-dax: Start defining a dax bus model
• device-dax: Remove multi-resource infrastructure
• device-dax: Kill dax_region base
• device-dax: Kill dax_region ida
• mm, devm_memremap_pages: fix shutdown handling
• device-dax: Add missing address_space_operations
• drivers/dax/device.c: convert variable to vm_fault_t type
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-4.19_dax-memory-failure’ of gitolite.kernel.org:pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-4.19_misc’ of gitolite.kernel.org:pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• dax: remove VM_MIXEDMAP for fsdax and device dax
• device-dax: avoid hang on error before devm_memremap_pages()
• dax/super: Do not request a pointer kaddr when not required
• device-dax: Set page->index
• device-dax: Enable page_mapping()
• device-dax: Convert to vmf_insert_mixed and vm_fault_t
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-fixes-4.18-rc5’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• dev-dax: check_vma: ratelimit dev_info-s
• dax: check for QUEUE_FLAG_DAX in bdev_dax_supported()
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-4.18’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• Merge branch ‘for-4.18/mcsafe’ into libnvdimm-for-next
• Merge branch ‘for-4.18/dax’ into libnvdimm-for-next
• Merge tag ‘overflow-v4.18-rc1’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/kees/linux
• treewide: Use struct_size() for kmalloc()-family
• dax: Use dax_write_cache* helpers
• dax: change bdev_dax_supported() to support boolean returns
• fs: allow per-device dax status checking for filesystems
• dax: Introduce a ->copy_to_iter dax operation
• mm: introduce MEMORY_DEVICE_FS_DAX and CONFIG_DEV_PAGEMAP_OPS
• device-dax: allow MAP_SYNC to succeed
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-4.17’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• Merge branch ‘for-4.17/dax’ into libnvdimm-for-next
• device-dax: implement ->pagesize() for smaps to report MMUPageSize
• dax: introduce CONFIG_DAX_DRIVER
• dax: store pfns in the radix
• device-dax: use module_nd_driver
• device-dax: remove redundant func in dev_dbg
• dax: ->direct_access does not sleep anymore
• Merge branch ‘for-4.16/dax’ into libnvdimm-for-next
• device-dax: Fix trailing semicolon
• dax: require ‘struct page’ by default for filesystem dax
• memremap: change devm_memremap_pages interface to use struct dev_pagemap
• device-dax: implement ->split() to catch invalid munmap attempts
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-4.15’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• Merge branch ‘for-4.15/dax’ into libnvdimm-for-next
• dax: fix general protection fault in dax_alloc_inode
• dax: stop requiring a live device for dax_flush()
• dax: quiet bdev_dax_supported()
• License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
• dev/dax: fix uninitialized variable build warning
• dax: pr_err() strings should end with newlines
• Merge tag ‘for-4.14/dm-changes’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/device-mapper/linux-dm
• dax: remove the pmem_dax_ops->flush abstraction
• dax: fix FS_DAX=n BLOCK=y compilation
• dax: introduce a fs_dax_get_by_bdev() helper
• Merge tag ‘for-4.13/dm-fixes’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/device-mapper/linux-dm
• dm, dax: Make sure dm_dax_flush() is called if device supports it
• device-dax: fix sysfs duplicate warnings
• device-dax: fix ‘passing zero to ERR_PTR()’ warning
• Merge tag ‘for-linus-v4.13-2’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jlayton/linux
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-4.13’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• fs: new infrastructure for writeback error handling and reporting
• libnvdimm, pmem, dax: export a cache control attribute
• dax: convert to bitmask for flags
• dax: remove default copy_from_iter fallback
• dm: add ->flush() dax operation support
• dm: add ->copy_from_iter() dax operation support
• device-dax: fix ‘dax’ device filesystem inode destruction crash
• dax: fix false CONFIG_BLOCK dependency
• Merge branch ’libnvdimm-fixes’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• device-dax: kill NR_DEV_DAX
• block, dax: move “select DAX” from BLOCK to FS_DAX
• device-dax: Tell kbuild DEV_DAX_PMEM depends on DEV_DAX
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-4.12’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• Merge branch ‘for-4.12/dax’ into libnvdimm-for-next
• Merge tag ‘char-misc-4.12-rc1’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/char-misc
• Merge branch ‘x86-mm-for-linus’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
• device-dax: fix sysfs attribute deadlock
• mm, zone_device: Replace {get, put}_zone_device_page() with a single reference to fix pmem crash
• dax: introduce dax_direct_access()
• pmem: add dax_operations support
• dax: introduce dax_operations
• dax: add a facility to lookup a dax device by ‘host’ device name
• dax: refactor dax-fs into a generic provider of ‘struct dax_device’ instances
• device-dax: rename ‘dax_dev’ to ‘dev_dax’
• device-dax: improve fault handler debug output
• device-dax: fix dax_dev_huge_fault() unknown fault size handling
• Merge branch ‘for-4.11/libnvdimm’ into for-4.12/dax
• device-dax, tools/testing/nvdimm: enable device-dax with mock resources
• device-dax: switch to srcu, fix rcu_read_lock() vs pte allocation
• Merge 4.11-rc4 into char-misc-next
• device-dax: utilize new cdev_device_add helper function
• device-dax: fix cdev leak
• device-dax: fix debug output typo
• device-dax: fix pud fault fallback handling
• device-dax: fix pmd/pte fault fallback handling
• sched/headers: Prepare to remove the <linux/magic.h> include from <linux/sched/task_stack.h>
• mm: replace FAULT_FLAG_SIZE with parameter to huge_fault
• dax: support for transparent PUD pages for device DAX
• mm,fs,dax: change ->pmd_fault to ->huge_fault
• mm, fs: reduce fault, page_mkwrite, and pfn_mkwrite to take only vmf
• mm, dax: change pmd_fault() to take only vmf parameter
• mm, dax: make pmd_fault() and friends be the same as fault()
• Merge tag ’libnvdimm-for-4.10’ of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm
• Merge branch ‘for-4.10/libnvdimm’ into libnvdimm-for-next
• dax: add region ‘id’, ‘size’, and ‘align’ attributes
• mm: use vmf->address instead of of vmf->virtual_address
• device-dax: fix private mapping restriction, permit read-only
• libnvdimm: use consistent naming for request_mem_region()
• device-dax: fail all private mapping attempts
• device-dax: check devm_nsio_enable() return value
• device-dax: fix percpu_ref_exit ordering
• nvdimm: make CONFIG_NVDIMM_DAX ‘bool’
• Merge branch ‘for-4.9/dax’ into libnvdimm-for-next
• dax: use correct dev_t value
• dax: convert devm_create_dax_dev to PTR_ERR
• dax: fix mapping size check
• dax: fix device-dax region base
• dax: check resource alignment at dax region/device create
• dax: unmap/truncate on device shutdown
• dax: define a unified inode/address_space for device-dax mappings
• dax: convert to the cdev api
• dax: embed a struct device in dax_dev
• dax: rename fops from dax_dev_ to dax_
• dax: reorder dax_fops function definitions
• dax: cleanup needlessly global symbol warnings
• dax: use devm_add_action_or_reset()
• /dev/dax, core: file operations and dax-mmap
• /dev/dax, pmem: direct access to persistent memory

Linux Kernel 6.9 is Released: This is What's New for Compute Express Link (CXL)

• Steve Scargall
• Cxl

The Linux Kernel 6.9 release brings several improvements and additions related to Compute Express Link (CXL) technology.

New Features

Here is a list of new features for CXL:

• CXL Quality of Service (QOS) for NUMA
• Weighted Interleave for NUMA nodes

CXL related changes from Kernel v6.8 to v6.9:

Here is the detailed list of all commits merged into the 6.9 Kernel for CXL and DAX. This list was generated by the Linux Kernel CXL Feature Tracker .

Running Open WebUI and Ollama on Ubuntu 22.04 for a Local ChatGPT Experience

• Steve Scargall
• How to

Introduction

Open WebUI and Ollama are powerful tools that allow you to create a local chat experience using GPT models. Whether you’re experimenting with natural language understanding or building your own conversational AI, these tools provide a user-friendly interface for interacting with language models. In this guide, we’ll walk you through the installation process step by step.

Ollama is a cutting-edge platform designed to run open-source large language models locally on your machine. It simplifies the complexities involved in deploying and managing these models, making it an attractive choice for researchers, developers, and anyone who wants to experiment with language models1. Ollama provides a user-friendly interface for running large language models (LLMs) locally, specifically on MacOS and Linux (with Windows support on the horizon).